Regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome: Biochemistry and beyond

Innate immunity responds to infectious agents and tissue injury with a multiproteic molecular platform named inflammasome. A large number of investigations have described four inflammasome types related to inflammatory processes in humans: NLRP1, NLRC4, NLRP3 y AIM-2. NLRP3 is a key sensor molecule in the inflammasome activity that is directed to the activation of caspase-1, the enzyme responsible for the transformation of pro-IL-1 beta and pro-IL-18 to their mature active forms. Genetic control and biochemical regulation of this platform are necessary for the prevention of immunologic, metabolic and neurological diseases. Polymorphisms of the genes that codify for the proteins of the inflammasome, ubiquitination, redox regulation, ATP concentration and signaling via transcription factor and interleukins are key players in the modulation of inflammasome activity. In addition, regulation is also accomplished by epigenetic mechanisms such as methylation and the expression of microRNAs. All these mechanisms are indispensable for the coordinated expression and normal functioning of these platforms in response to a pathogenic agent or cellular damage. Investigation on the various inflammasome components and their controlled inhibition are clarifying aspects that should permit to control disease conditions related to these molecular complexes.