STANDARD ANTENNAS FOR ELECTROMAGNETIC-INTERFERENCE MEASUREMENTS AND METHODS TO CALIBRATE THEM

This tutorial paper discusses various standard antennas for measuring radio-frequency electric and magnetic fields. A theoretical analysis of each antenna's receiving characteristics is summarized and referenced. The antennas described are an electrically short dipole, a resistively loaded short dipole and half-wave dipole, an electrically small loop, a resistively loaded loop, photonic probes, and a single-turn loop designed for simultaneous measurement of the electric and magnetic components of near-fields and other complex electromagnetic environments. Each type demonstrates a different compromise between broadband responses and sensitivity. This paper also discusses the calibration techniques for these probes using standard EM fields established in TEM cells, waveguide cells, anechoic chambers, and open-field sites.