Multi-response unreplicated-saturated Taguchi designs and super-ranking in food formulation improvement

Purpose - The aim of this paper is to examine product formulation screening at the industrial level in terms of multi-trait improvement by considering several pertinent controlling factors. Design/methodology/approach - The study adopts Taguchi's orthogonal arrays (OAs) for sufficient and economical sampling in a mixture problem. Robustness of testing data is instilled in this method by employing a two-stage analysis where controlling components are investigated together while the slack variable is tested independently. Multi-responses collapse to a single master response has been incurred according to the Super Ranking concept. Order statistics are employed to provide statistical significance. The slack variable influence is tested by regression and nonparametric correlation. Findings -Synergy among Taguchi methodology, super ranking and nonparametric testing was seamless to offer practical resolution to product component activeness. The concurrent modulation of two key product traits due to five constituents in the industrial production of muffin-cake is invoked. The slack variable, rich cream, is strongly active while the influence of added amount of water is barely evident. Research limitations/implications - The method presented is suitable only for situations where industrial mixtures are investigated. The case study demonstrates prediction capabilities up to quadratic effects for five nominated effects. However, the statistical processor selected here may be adapted to any number of factor settings dictated by the OA sampling plan. Practical implications - By using a case study from food engineering, the industrial production of a muffin-cake is examined focusing on a total of five controlling mixture components and two responses. This demonstration emphasizes the dramatic savings in time and effort that are gained by the proposed method due to reduction of experimental effort while gaining on analysis robustness. Originality/value - This work interconnects Taguchi methodology with powerful nonparametric tests of Kruskal-Wallis for the difficult problem of non-linear analysis of mixtures for saturated, unreplicated fractional factorial designs in search of multi-factor activeness in multi-response cases employing simple and practical tools.