THE MICROCOMPUTER AND IMAGE-ANALYSIS IN DIAGNOSTIC PATHOLOGY

This paper presents a snapshot view of the influence and direction of microcomputer technology for image analysis techniques in diagnostic pathology. Microcomputers have had considerable impact in bringing image analysis to wider application. Semi-automated tracing techniques are a simple means of providing objective data and assist in a wide range of diagnostic problems. From the common theme of reducing subjectivity in diagnostic assessment, an extensive body of research has accrued. Some studies have addressed the need for quality control for reliable, routine application. Video digitizer cards bring digital image analysis within the reach of laboratory budgets, providing powerful tools for investigation of a wide range of cellular and tissue features. The use of staining procedures compatible with quantitative evaluation has become equally important. As well as assisting scene segmentation, cytochemical and immunochemical staining techniques relate the data to biological processes. With the present state of the art, practical use of microcomputer based image analysis is impaired by limitations of information extraction and specimen throughput. Recent advances in colour video imaging provide an extra dimension in the analysis of multi-spectral stains. Improvements will also be felt with predictable increase in speed of microprocessors, and with single chip devices which deliver video rate processing. If the full potential of this hardware is realized, high-speed, routine analysis becomes feasible. In addition, a microcomputer imaging system can play host to companion functions, such as image archiving and transmission. With this outlook, the use of microcomputers for image analysis in diagnostic pathology is certain to increase. However, it is the software in both design and concept which ultimately governs the performance which can be achieved. Progress may be made by structured software techniques, by application of mathematical principles, or by use of expert systems for data or image interpretation.