The Association Between Empirical Dietary Inflammatory Pattern and Metabolic Phenotypes in Overweight/Obese Adults

Objectives: The study aimed to investigate whether diet-induced inflammation assessed by Empirical Dietary Inflammatory Pattern (EDIP) is associated with odds of unhealthy metabolic phenotype and components of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Methods: This cross-sectional study included 403 overweight/obese individuals recruited from employees of two pharmaceutical companies in Iran. The weighted intake of 15 food groups was summed to construct EDIP and metabolic phenotypes were defined based on MetS criteria. Results: After adjusting for age, sex, BMI, and marital status, the odds of unhealthy phenotype increased significantly from quartile 1 to quartile 4 (P-trend = 0.013). However, the association became non-significant after adjusting for energy intake. Compared to those in the lowest quartile, individuals with higher EDIP scores had higher odds of high fasting blood sugar (FBS) (P-trend = 0.031) and low HDL-C (P-trend = 0.036) after adjusting for all covariates. By adding energy intake into the model, an inverse association was observed between EDIP, waist circumference (WC), and odds of high WC. Conclusions: A higher pro-inflammatory diet was associated with higher odds of unhealthy phenotype, high FBS, and low-HDL-C in overweight/obese individuals. However, the association with unhealthy phenotype seems to be dependent on the energy intake.