Role of Toxins of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli in Development of Urinary Tract Infection

Three clinical syndromes including diarrhea/enteritis, urinary tract infection and septicemia/meningitis can be found as a result of infection with each of the E. coli pathotypes. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli toxins are one of the most important factors in the spread of these infections, including urinary tract infections, which we will review in this study. The first CDT toxin (Cyclomodulins) was reported in E. coli strains in 1987; CDT toxins show a new function and act on DNA. This unique CDTs has unlocked novel questions in the field of Toxicology. The E. coli strains involved in UTIs often produce exotoxins such as hemolysin, cytotoxic factor type 1 (CNF1), and colonization factors. Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) toxins include heat-resistant enterotoxigenic toxin (EAST1) plasmid, a potent agent for diarrhea, encoded by a plasmid (Pet), which has cytotoxic activity against cultured intestinal cells and red blood cells, toxin Pic and ShET1 Toxins that have intestinal toxicity. EHEC toxins include Shiga Toxin (Stx) and Verotoxin (VT) and Enterohemolysin. Also, EAST1 was reported for the first time in EAEC strains, and this toxin is also present in EHEC strains. ETEC enterotoxins belong to one of the two heat-sensitive enterotoxins (LTs) and heat-resistant enterotoxins (STs). EPEC toxins include EspC enterotoxin. VAT toxin is a known cytotoxin that expresses through UPEC over a systemic infection. CysK also contributes to the expression of UPEC toxins and the cause of toxicity and cellular inhibition caused by UPEC infections.