Monodispersed SnO2 nanospheres embedded in framework of graphene and porous carbon as anode for lithium ion batteries

Tin peroxide (SnO2) is one of most potential anode materials for lithium ion batteries with high energy density because of its appropriate de)lithiation potential and high specific capacity. However, the poor cycling property of SnO2 restricts its wide application in lithium ion battery. Herein, a novel monodispersed porous SnO2 nanospheres/graphene/porous carbon composite electrode with excellent performance is constructed. In this electrode, the SnO2 nanospheres with a diameter of similar to 60 nm are embedded in porous carbon, which is filled between the interlayers of graphene sheets. The carbon can protect the SnO2 nanospheres from contacting with the electrolyte. The pores inside both SnO2 nanospheres and carbon can accommodate the huge volume expansion of SnO2 nanoparticles during chargedischarge process. The graphene sheets can greatly improve the strength, stability and flexibility of the electrode. The framework formed by graphene and porous carbon can successfully prevent the aggregation of SnO2 nanospheres and collapse of SnO2 composite electrode. As a result, the composite electrode shows excellent rate performance, which achieves discharge capacities of 816.3, 704.6, 600 and 459.4 mAh g(-1) at current densities of 0.2, 0.5, 1 and 2 Ag-1 and delivers a capacity of 873.2 mAh g(-1) after 200 cycles after 200 cycles at 0.2 Ag-1. (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier B.V