The Emergence and Effects of Culturally Congruent Leadership: Current Status and Future Developments

Objective: The purpose of this paper is to provide a critical assessment of the cross-cultural leadership literature and suggest avenues for future developments on both empirical and conceptual fronts. Research Design & Methods: The paper performs a comprehensive review of the cross-cultural leadership literature with a particular focus on the emergence and effects of culturally congruent leadership. The paper identifies gaps and suggests a sequence of steps for future research. Findings: The major focus of cross-cultural leadership studies has been on the measurement and description of relationships and research within this area has generally paid less attention to addressing other important issues such as cultural value effects across levels, interaction between individual and societal values, and the way culture-leadership congruity is produced and its effects are transmitted. Implications & Recommendations: The gaps identified and suggestions provided may be of value in theory development and integration, and in addressing empirical issues beyond measurement and description of relationships. Contribution & Value Added: Although prior studies offer reviews on effects of culture on organizationally relevant outcomes, but their analyses mainly focus on general categories of attitudes and behaviours. The focus of this paper is on providing a comprehensive assessment of the literature on the culture-leadership link.