Further Refinement and Validation of the Revised Test Anxiety Scale

The purpose of this study was to provide additional validity data concerning the four dimensions and precision of the Revised Test Anxiety Scale (RTA) with a new sample of American and Egyptian examinees. The RTA was developed based on combining nonredundant items from the Test Anxiety Inventory (Spielberger, Gonzalez, Taylor, Algaze, & Anton, 1978) and the Reactions To Tests scale (I. Sarason, 1984) in an effort to produce a psychometrically efficient and valid measure of test anxiety for multinational samples. The dimensionality of the RTA was evaluated by confirmatory factor analysis and cross-validated. In addition, several new items were tested to improve the precision of each of the four dimensions. A 20-item RTA resulted, which upon cross-validation showed stability of the dimensionality and parameter estimates with adequate precision.