Depression, anxiety, and daytime sleepiness among type 2 diabetic patients and their correlation with the diabetes control: A case-control study

Objectives: Diabetes mellitus, depression, and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) are common health disorders that are associated with significant mortality and morbidity. When observed together, these disorders precipitate the other's deleterious effects. In this study, we aimed to study depression, anxiety, EDS, and their relation with diabetes control among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Tabuk, KSA. Methods: This case-control study was conducted in a diabetes centre in Tabuk during March to June 2015. One hundred and seventy-eight diabetic and one hundred control patients signed a written informed consent. These participants were then interviewed using the Arabic versions of Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAS). The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used for data analysis. Results: Depression was evident in 61.8% of diabetic patients vs. 30% in controls. EDS was found in 6.7% of diabetic patients and was not reported in controls (P-value < 0.05), whereas anxiety was reported in 4.3% of patients and controls with no statistically significant difference. No differences were evident between patients with depression, EDS, and anxiety and those without these disorders in terms of diabetes control and body mass index. Conclusion: In this study, depression and EDS were common among diabetic patients, although there was no difference with the prevalence of anxiety between diabetic and control patients. In addition, no differences were found between patients with poor diabetes control and those who attempted to control their depression, EDS, and anxiety.