The essay discusses the orientations for preventing the slide toward apartheid States. Beginning with the phenomenology of present mass displacements, it asks: are non-citizens people, and what are the limits of popular sovereignty? Is freedom possible if a good part of denizens is a partly free group? Five concatenated axioms are posed: that 1/ the right to hospitality (eventually, citizenship) is a central human right); 2/ each State - or analogous community - should give all its denizens the maximum possible of citizen rights; 3/ our value focus ought to be on immigrant policy and on integration; 4/ the status of "unfree labourers" refuses the principle of "one person, one vote"; 5/ "no taxation without representation." The long-run alternative is wars and terrorism or civil cohabitation. This would include a foreign economical policy of "co-development", and no participation in wars (except in a present aggression against Europe). If capitalism today condemns a growing majority of humans to psycho-physical misery and premature death, then we may be facing apartheid and global civil wars.
