THE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF COLOR, TASTE AND SMELL IN THE PROTECTION OF AN APOSEMATIC INSECT COCCINELLA-SEPTEMPUNCTATA

The response of a bird predator (Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonicus) to the potential cues present in the multiple-component defence of an aposematic insect (seven-spot ladybird, Coccinella septempunctata) was investigated. Ladybirds were presented to captive quail either whole, or in treatments in which the ladybird's colour pattern, smell or taste were added to a palatable beetle, either singly or in paired combinations. Colour pattern was the most effective single deterrent, but the interaction between colour and taste was also important. The birds could detect the insect's smell, but rarely used it as a cue to toxicity. No element, either alone or in paired combination, was sufficient to maintain avoidance at a level comparable to the whole insect. The results are discussed with respect to aposematic function and avian foraging behaviour.