Applications of Computed Tomography in Dentistry

Introduction: The tomographic exam is a radiological method that allows reproducing a human body segment for diagnostic purposes. The tomographic slices are spaced between each other. Thinner and less spaced slices produce a better image resolution. These tomographic slices may be artificially joined using specific softwares, which provides a three-dimensional reconstruction of the radiographed object in such a way that it may be visualized in different planes (axial, sagittal and coronal). Objective: To describe the main tomographic techniques currently existing and their applications in Dentistry. A review of literature was undertaken to address the advances of the main tomographic techniques that resulted in greater diagnostic accuracy, shorter examination time and smaller amount of radiation. This is the exam of choice for images of the bone tissue of the maxillomandibular complex. Computed tomography may be used in Dentistry to identify and delineate pathological processes (benign and malignant tumors, odontogenic cysts and foreign body), visualize impacted teeth, evaluate the paranasal sinuses (maxillary, frontal, ethmoid and sphenoid), diagnose trauma (axial, sagittal and coronal planes), display the bone components of the temporomandibular joint (congenital anomaly, trauma, developmental diseases, neoplasias, infections, erosions, cysts subarticular and osteophytes) and dental implant sites (shape, height and width of the alveolar ridge, localization of the mandibular canal, incisive canal, nasal cavity floor and maxillary sinus floor). Conclusion: The clinical value of the tomographic techniques depend on the condition under investigation; the model and age of the employed equipment; the examination protocol; and the experience and skills of the operators and radiologist.