Complete video-assisted thoracoscopic multisubsegmentectomy based on patients' specific virtual 3-D pulmonary models

Introduction: Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery is widely used for resecting early-stage non-small cell lung cancer. Segmentectomy and subsegmentectomy require a thorough knowledge of the 3-D bronchovascular anatomy of the lung. Previously, our department reported using a 3-D pulmonary model of a patient for thoracoscopic surgical treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. This study investigates multi-segmentectomy for patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Methods: Between July 2001 and January 2012, 943 patients underwent surgical resection of primary lung cancer. Of these, 11 patients had video-assisted thoracoscopic multi-subsegmentectomy. For preoperative simulation, virtual 3-D pulmonary models have been constructed since July 2001. Results: The mean age of patients was 69.2 +/- 11.6 years (range, 43.0-86.0 years). Histological diagnoses included adenocarcinoma in eight patients, squamous cell carcinoma in two, and large cell carcinoma (neuroendocrine tumor) in one. Tumor size was <= 10 mm in one patient, 11-15 mm in four, 16-20 mm in four, and 21-25 mm in two. One patient was treated without lymphadenectomy, nine patients underwent additional hilar lymphadenectomy, and one patient underwent additional hilar and mediastinal lymphadenectomy. No patients were converted to thoracotomy. All patients had a macroscopically negative surgical margin. The pathological stage of patients was IA in nine patients, IB in one, and IIA in one. No pulmonary vessel injuries were found. Three patients had a prolonged lung air leak (> 6 days). Conclusion: Using a reconstructed 3-D pulmonary model, this study demonstrates that video-assisted thoracoscopic multiple subsegmentectomy is feasible with adequate margins in selected patients.