TRANS-GLIAL CHANNELS IN VENTRAL NERVE ROOTS OF CRAYFISH

The sheath around the roots of the 6th abdominal ganglion in the ventral nerve cord of the crayfish [Orconectes virilis] consists of concentric layers of thin glial processes alternating with wide clefts containing filamentous connective tissue. Regions of each glial lamella are perforated by single, short, tubular channels: the trans-glial channels. In thin plastic sections examined in the EM, the channels appear as slits 240 .ANG. wide and 450-550 .ANG. long which traverse glial lamellae < 1500 .ANG. thick. Branched tubular channels cross glial sheets that are thicker than 1500 .ANG.. The thickest glial wrap is adaxonal; it closely encapsulates individual axons and its cell membrane is separated from the axolemma by a collagen-free space of only 150 .ANG.. The adaxonal glial cytoplasm contains unique, 3-dimensional networks of interconnected tubules. Separate tubular lattices occur along these thicker processes. In replicas of freeze-fractured sheaths, the outer half of the plasma membrane belonging to the thin glial sheets exhibits many volcano-like protrusions which represent cross fractures through the necks of trans-glial channels. Corresponding depressions on the innter half of these membranes are sites where the plasma membrane invaginates to form the channels. Although some channels are randomly dispersed, others are linearly positioned in restricted areas across successive glial layers. The number of channels is far more readily appreciated in replicas than in thin sections. The average frequency of channels is 16/.mu.2 (range 8-33) in normal roots and does not differ significantly from the average of 13/.mu.2 in proximal stumps of roots fixed 3-4 wk after the roots were cut. The channels are not precisely aligned from 1 glial layer to the next but do appear to coincide approximately with the adaxonal tubular lattice. The combination of trans-glial channels and adaxonal tubular lattices may provide a complex conduit that could facilitate a rapid, passive flow of electrolytes and nutrients across the nerve sheath to the axonal surface. Horseradish peroxidase solutions bathing the ventral roots enter the trans-glial channels, extracellular clefts and finally the tubular lattices. This distribution supports the proposed role of the channels in a rapid extracellular passage of solutes. The channel profiles have a range of forms consistent with the supposition that they are not static but continually reforming. Proximal to the cut the areas of glial plasma membrane with channel profiles contain more junctional complexes between regenerating cells than between glial cells of normal sheaths. The channel profiles and aggregates of particles belonging to junctions are closely associated when they occupy the same region of the membrane.