Interviewing in qualitative research: The one-to-one interview

Background: The one-to-one interview is a commonly used data collection method in health and social research. Increasing attention has been given in the literature to the process of conducting an interview, particularly with respect to the role of the interviewer and the relationship between the interviewer and interviewee. The individual interview is a valuable method of gaining insight into people's perceptions, understandings and experiences of a given phenomenon and can contribute to in-depth data collection. However, the interview is more than a conversational interaction between two people and requires considerable knowledge and skill on behalf of the interviewer. Content: Interviews vary in type and structure depending on their philosophical orientation. This article examines the process of conducting the interview from a generic point of view, while making reference to different approaches. Considerations are also raised regarding interviewing in challenging situations. Conclusions: Several important stages need to be followed when conducting an interview. The nature of the questions, questioning techniques, listening and the interviewer-interviewee interactions are crucial to obtaining a successful outcome. Similarly, ethical considerations and the protection of participants are fundamental aspects of interviewing. Although interview data may be used as evidence about people's perceptions and understanding, it is pertinent to remember that responses may be shaped by variables such as if and how the interviewer has influenced the interviewee, and the level of trust and rapport between the two people. Hence, it is essential that interviewers are cognisant of the various techniques underpinning the interview process to maximize results.