Policing class and race in urban America

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to integrate conflict theory's class and race perspectives to explain police force size in large cities in the USA. Design/methodology/approach - Data on US cities with populations of 250,000 or greater (n = 64) are used to test whether class and/or racial factors impact police force size. The data are analyzed using OLS regression. Findings - This study finds that class and race factors combine to impact police force size concurrently. By adjusting the model specifications of a recent article, which concludes police force size in large US cities is determined by racial factors and not class, this study shows that two class-related factors - racial economic inequality and poverty - significantly influence police force size. Additionally, this analysis calls into question the importance of racial factors; specifically, the threat caused by minority presence and a city's history of racially coded violence. Originality/value - Few conflict theorists have attempted to integrate class and race in order to explain police force size. The results of this study show that racial economic inequality interacts with poverty (class threat) and that they jointly affect police force size. This adds further nuance to the argument of the complex causal interaction of intersectionality and supports theoretical, methodological, and public policy shifts that blend class inequality and racial threat to explain police force size.