Characterization of Focal Brain Lesions by Gradient-Echo Arterial Spin-Tagging Perfusion Imaging

A simple gradient-echo arterial spin tagging (GREAST) technique allows for quick assessment of regional tissue perfusion without the need for exogenous contrast agent. The purpose of this prospective study was to validate GREAST imaging in characterizing the regional perfusion status of focal brain lesions by comparing with relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) maps obtained by using echo-planar imaging (EPI)-based dynamic susceptibility contrast MR imaging. Thirty-two patients whose nonenhanced brain MR images showed 34 focal brain lesions during routine examination were selected to immediately undergo GREAST and dynamic susceptibility contrast MR imaging to evaluate regional perfusion of the lesions. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to test the relative quantification of local perfusion with the two imaging methods. Qualitative perfusion measurements agreed in 23 (79%) of 29 lesions for which GREAST and dynamic susceptibility contrast MR imaging were successful. On rCBV maps, six focal lesions with local hemorrhage were underestimated. In three patients with metal surgical implants, lesions could not be measured because of susceptibility artifacts and distortion on EPIs. After these lesions were excluded, the Pearson correlation coefficient between relative quantitative perfusion measurements on GREAST images versus rCBV maps was about 0.90 (p value = 0.000). The success rate of GREAST imaging was 94% (30 of 32 patients), higher than that of dynamic susceptibility contrast MR imaging (72%, or 23 of 32 patients). GREAST imaging was comparable to rCBV mapping for the relative quantification of regional perfusion of focal brain lesions. This technique may be useful in routine MR examination for characterizing the regional perfusion of brain focal lesions.