Drug-Induced Insomnia and Excessive Sleepiness

Psychotropic and nonpsychotropic drugs, which may induce or aggravate insomnia and/or daytime sleepiness, are discussed. These central nervous system effects are possible from the interactions of a drug with any of the many neurotransmitters or receptors that are involved in sleep and wakefulness. Multiple interactions between disease, sleep, comorbid sleep disorders, and direct or indirect influences of pharmacologic agents are possible. Awareness of these effects is important to adapt treatment and reach optimal results for every patient. Besides the importance for health and quality of life, effects on sleep or waking function can be a potential source of noncompliance.