The concept of modularity: diffusion from manufacturing to service production

Purpose - Modules and modularity have been popular concepts in operations research and management rhetoric for decades. Nevertheless, it seems that there is no single universal definition of modularity for classical research themes such as modularity in physical products or modular manufacturing. The purpose of this paper is to describe the current state of modularity research and to clarify the concept and impacts of modularity by means of a literature review. The paper discusses whether the modularity concept originally developed in the context of physical products could be applied in the context of product-related services. Design/methodology/approach - In this paper, the authors use a methodology called systematic integrative literature review to describe the current state of modularity research and to define - based on the findings of the review - the themes that are most commonly related to the modularity concept. As service modularity research is a relatively new topic, the authors look for definitions and themes related to modularity from other areas of modularity research. Findings - The paper presents four key themes and definitions associated with modularity in different perspectives. To illustrate how modularity can be comprehended in the service context, the paper presents examples related to logistics services. Research limitations/implications - The use of an integrative literature review has its limitations and a more thorough review of service literature is needed for more in-depth understanding of how modularity is actually manifested and conceptualized in the service context. In the future, in-depth interviews of service providers will be needed for a more thorough understanding of whether the modularity approach can be used in services today and in the future and if so, how it can be applied in practice. Practical implications - The findings may be useful particularly for manufacturers and logistics service providers in improving their service offerings and processes. Originality/value - There is growing interest in issues related to modularity. The paper discusses the key themes related to modularity in the contexts of product, production and processes, organization and supply chain, and service. In addition, the paper illustrates some practical implications for modularity, particularly in the logistics services context.