Models of emotional intelligence, spiritual intelligence, and performance: a test of Tischler, Biberman, and McKeage

Tischler, Biberman, and McKeage proposed five models that could explain the relationship between emotional intelligence, spiritual intelligence, and performance. This article empirically tested those models on a large sample of junior-level and senior-level business students. Emotional intelligence was measured using the 16-item Wong Law Emotional Intelligence Survey, spiritual intelligence was measured with a modified version of Ashmos and Duchon's survey, and performance was the student's cumulative grade point average. Literature on these variables is discussed regarding definitional and measurement issues. None of the proposed models were supported by the data. Findings, limitations, and future research for these models are discussed.