Remote navigation for ablation of arrhythmias in patients with congenital heart disease

Radiofrequency ablation of cardiac arrhythmias in patients with congenital heart disease has emerged as a superior alternative treatment to antiarrhythmic medication. However, more accurate pre- and peri-operative definition of the anatomical details through advanced three-dimensional imaging techniques, as well as use of remotely steered catheters to reach inaccessible areas is necessary in most cases to improve the ablation outcome. The remote controlled techniques, the various procedural approaches and the clinical outcome published to date are discussed herein separately for different underlying anatomical substrates. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.