Are we being served? Women in New Zealand's service sector

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to provide contemporary information and analysis of women's location within the service sector of New Zealand; to evaluate the responsiveness of two major policy initiatives designed to ameliorate women's circumstances therein; and to reconceptualise and suggest possible approaches and measures which could inform future government and workplace policy and practice. Design/methodology/approach - The study primarily employs a thematic analysis of publiclyavailable reports, documentation and pertinent academic work. Secondary, independent statistical analyses of nationally-representative data are used in order to provide the context and rationale for the policy analysis, and to overview key trends and "problem" areas in the service sector for working women in New Zealand. Findings - New Zealand has a high female labour force participation rate, with more than eight out of 10 female workers employed in service work. Although women remain over-represented in low-paid work, they have benefited from service sector growth, higher penetration of professional and managerial work, and some reduction in the gender pay gap. State interventions are justified in equity, labour market and welfare terms, with an emerging focus on "decent work" and productivity. Yet, this analysis of key initiatives for working women reveals an inadequate regulatory and policy framework. The significance and "genderedness" of service work to the economy means that it is increasingly but still insufficiently the focus of economic and social policy. Originality/value - This study responds to the absence of a contemporary and comprehensive assessment of the location and inequities experienced by different groups of women in New Zealand's service sector, particularly Maori and Pasifika women. It provides a springboard to further analysis of the key trends, themes and policy impacts that it highlights, as well as of a reconceived regulatory approach for women working in the service sector outlined in the Concluding section.