5-alpha-reductase and the development of the human prostate

During the 10th week of gestation human prostate development is about to start. Androgens are the crucial factors to stimulate the initial interactions between the epithelium and mesenchyme. One of the key events in androgen metabolism is the transformation of circulating testosterone to 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by tissue-linked 5 alpha-reductase. Both, the formation of a male phenotype and the androgen-mediated growth of the prostate are mediated by DHT. To date the function of 5 alpha-reductase 1 (5 alpha R1) still remains unclear whereas 5 alpha-reductase 2 (5 alpha R2) is supposed to be the predominant isoenzyme in human accessory sex tissue. Only little data are available on the detection, distribution, and effects of both isoenzymes during fetal life and infancy. Recently, immunohistochemical investigations of serial sections from fetuses and infants using specific antibodies directed against 5 alpha R1 and 5 alpha R2 seem to shed light on that issue. Moreover, the detection of downstream products of androgen synthesis using RT-PCR analyses for 17-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase Type 2 (17 beta HSD 2), 17 beta HSD Type 3 and 17 beta HSD Type 7 adds to discovering the molecular biological background. New studies confirm that both isoenzymes are present throughout fetal development. On the transcriptional level RT-PCR for 5 alpha R1 and 5 alpha R2 certifies these findings. 17 beta HSD 2, 3 and 7 representing the most relevant enzymatic downstream products of cellular androgen synthesis were revealed by RT-PCR as well. Current studies discovered the expression and distribution of both 5 alpha-reductase isoenzymes as well as the potential contribution of 5 alpha R1 during fetal human prostate development.