Turbulent boundary layer over a smooth wall with widely separated transverse square cavities

Laser-Doppler velocimetry (LDV) measurements and how visualizations are used to study a turbulent boundary layer over a smooth wall with transverse square cavities at two values of the momentum thickness Reynolds number (R(theta) = 400 and 1300). The cavities are spaced 20 element widths apart in the streamwise direction. Flow visualizations reveal a significant communication between the cavities and the overlying shear layer, with frequent inflows and ejections of fluid to and from cavities. There is evidence to suggest that quasi-streamwise near-wall vortices are responsible for the ejections of fluid out of the cavities. The wall shear stress, which is measured accurately, increases sharply immediately downstream of the cavity. This increase is followed by a sudden decrease and a slower return to the smooth wall value. Integration of the wall shear stress in the streamwise direction indicates that there is an increase in drag of 3.4% at both R(theta).