DRAG REDUCTION BY POLYMER-SOLUTIONS IN A RIBLET-LINED PIPE

The flow of 3 to 100 wppm aqueous solutions of a polyethyleneoxide polymer, M(w) = 6.2 x 10(6), was studied in a 10.2 mm i.d. pipe lined with 0.15 mm V-groove riblets, at diametral Reynolds numbers from 300 to 150000. Measurements in the riblet pipe were accompanied by simultaneous measurements in a smooth pipe of the same diameter placed in tandem. The chosen conditions provided turbulent drag reductions from zero to the asymptotic maximum possible. The onset of polymer-induced drag reduction in the riblet pipe occurred at the same wall shear stress, tau(w)* = 0.65 N/m(2), as that in the smooth pipe. After onset, the polymer solutions in the riblet pipe initially exhibited linear segments on Prandtl-Karman coordinates, akin to those seen in the smooth pipe, with specific slope increment delta/root c = 6. The maximum drag reduction observed in the riblet pipe was independent of polymer concentration and well below the asymptotic maximum drag reduction observed in the smooth pipe. Polymer solution flows in the riblet pipe exhibited three regimes: (i) Hydraulically smooth, in which riblets induced no drag reduction, amid varying, and considerable, polymer-induced drag reduction; this regime extended to non-dimensional riblet heights h(+) < 5 in solvent and h(+) < 10 in polymer solutions. (ii) Riblet drag reduction, in which riblet-induced flow enhancement R' > 0; this regime extended from 5 < h(+) < 22 in solvent and from 10 < h(+) < 30 in the 3 wppm polymer solution, with respective maxima R' = 0.6 at h(+) = 14 and R' = 1.6 at h(+) = 21. Riblet drag reduction decreased with increasing polymer concentration and increasing polymer-induced how enhancement S'. (iii) Riblet drag enhancement, wherein R' < 0; this regime extended for 22 < h(+) < 110 in solvent, with R' --> -2 for h(+) > 70, and was observed in al]. polymer solutions at high h(+), the more so as polymer-induced drag reduction increased, with R' < 0 for all S' > 8. The greatest drag enhancement in polymer solutions, R' = -7 +/- 1 at h(+) = 55 where S' = 20, considerably exceeded that in solvent. Three-dimensional representations of riblet- and polymer-induced drag reductions versus turbulent flow parameters revealed a hitherto unknown ''dome'' region, 8 < h(+) < 31, 0 < S' < 10, 0 < R' < 1.5, containing a broad maximum at (h(+), S', R') = (18, 5, 1.5). The existence of a dome was physically interpreted to suggest that riblets and polymers reduce drag by separate mechanisms.