Prohexadione, a plant growth regulator, inhibits histone lysine demethylases and modulates epigenetics

Background: Epigenetic modifications, particularly DNA methylation and posttranslational histone modifications regulate heritable changes in transcription without changes in the DNA sequence. Despite a number of studies showing clear links between environmental factors and DNA methylation, little is known about the effect of environmental factors on the recently identified histone lysine methylation. Since their identification numerous studies have establish critical role played by these enzymes in mammalian development. Objectives: Identification of the Jumonji (Jmj) domain containing histone lysine demethylase have added a new dimension to epigenetic control of gene expression by dynamic regulation of histone methylation marks. The objective of our study was to evaluate the effect of prohexadione and trinexapac, widely used plant growth regulators of the acylcy-clohexanediones class, on the enzymatic activity of histone lysine demethylases and histone modifications during the neural stem/progenitor cell differentiation. Methods: Here we show that prohexadione, but not trinexapac, directly inhibits non-heme iron (II), 2-oxoglutarate- dependent histone lysine demethylase such as Jmjd2a. We used molecular modeling to show binding of prohexadione to Jmjd2a. We also performed in vitro demethylation assays to show the inhibitory effect of prohexadione on Jmjd2a. Further we tested this molecule in cell culture model of mouse hippocampal neural stem/progenitor cells to demonstrate its effect toward neuronal proliferation and differentiation. Results: Molecular modeling studies suggest that prohexadione binds to the 2-oxoglutarate binding site of Jmjd2a demethylase. Treatment of primary neural stem/progenitor cells with prohexadione showed a concentration dependent reduction in their proliferation. Further, the prohexadione treated neurospheres were induced toward neurogenic lineage upon differentiation. Conclusions: Our results describe an important chemico-biological interaction of prohexadione, in light of critical roles played by histone lysine demethylases in human health and diseases. (C) 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.