The Surgical Treatment of Achilles Tendinopathy: A Treatment Algorithm

Achilles tendinopathies represents a spectrum of clinical and pathologic conditions. The precise diagnosis of the disease process can be made with thorough history and physical examination supported by imaging modalities. First-line treatment of these conditions is generally nonoperative. Refractory cases can be addressed surgically based on the treatment algorithm presented in this paper. Successful surgical outcome requires an accurate diagnosis and careful consideration of factors that can impede healing and lead to surgical complications.