RECONSTRUCTING REPRODUCTIVE HISTORIES OF BLACK BEARS FROM THE INCREMENTAL LAYERING IN DENTAL CEMENTUM

Known reproductive histories of female radio-collared black bears (Ursus americanus) in Minnesota were matched against the spacing of growth layers in stained thin sections of their teeth. Light-staining bands of cementum, deposited during the summer months, were relatively narrow during years when females were raising cubs. Because females in this study never successfully reared cubs in 2 consecutive years, narrow light bands were bordered by wider bands, causing the intervening dark-staining fall - winter annuli to appear paired. Adult males exhibited similar pairing of dark annuli, caused not by altered annular spacing but by deposition of distinct summer accessory lines. Paired dark annuli in females accurately reflected known cub-rearing records, although it was more difficult to determine the years of cub production (reading teeth from the outer annulus inward) than the ages of females when they produced cubs (counting annuli outward from the dentin - cementum interface). The distribution of ages of first reproduction gleaned from teeth of harvested females coincided with that of females with known reproductive histories, indicating that teeth currently collected from harvested black bears by management agencies across North America could provide reasonably good accounts of both present and past reproductive rates.