The many thousands of parts which go to make up a typical motor vehicle need to be held together such that the vehicle functions as a single unit. A wide variety of different joining techniques are used, each offering different characteristics, for instance, to make joints which allow movement or which are adjustable, dismountable, permanent, conducting or insulating. The automotive industry uses joining such as welding, mechanical fastening, soldering and, the subject of this article, adhesive bonding.