Clinical Epidemiology of Gestational Trophoblastic Disease

The epidemiology of gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is not well defined. The rarity of the disease and challenges in data collection limit interpretation of incidence data. Incidence of GTD appears to be influenced by geographic region, with the highest rates occurring in Southeast Asia and Japan. Risk factors for molar pregnancy include extremes of maternal age, reproductive history, and dietary deficiencies. Risk factors for choriocarcinoma include age, ethnicity, history of complete molar pregnancy, and ABO blood group status. With improvements in socioeconomic conditions and diet as well as diagnosis and management of GTD, the incidence of trophoblastic disease is declining worldwide. Future studies should focus on mechanisms by which risk factors influence development and progression of GTD.