Voltammetric Electronic Tongue for Discrimination of Milk Adulterated with Urea, Formaldehyde and Melamine

被引:33
作者
Bueno, Ligia [1 ]
de Araujo, William R. [1 ]
Salles, Maiara O. [1 ]
Kussuda, Marcos Y. [1 ]
Paixao, Thiago R. L. C. [1 ]
机构
[1] Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Quim, BR-05508000 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
基金
巴西圣保罗研究基金会;
关键词
milk adulteration; food adulteration; principal component analysis; hierarchical cluster analysis; sample discrimination; voltammetric electronic tongue;
D O I
10.3390/chemosensors2040251
中图分类号
O65 [分析化学];
学科分类号
070302 ; 081704 ;
摘要
We report the fabrication of a voltammetric electronic tongue for the detection and discrimination of harmful substances intentionally added to milk to increase its shelf life or imitate protein content. The electronic tongue consisted of three working electrodes composed of platinum, gold, and copper. The measurement principles involved the extraction of information from cyclic voltammograms recorded in unadulterated and adulterated milk. The extracted data were analysed using principal component analysis and the contaminants were successfully differentiated from one another in a score plot. Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance analysis was used to investigate the electrode response in order to understand the mechanism by which the tongue could discriminate between the samples. It was found that the electrochemical formation and dissolution of platinum and gold oxides, and the reduction of a copper-melamine ionic pair formed at the surface of the copper electrode were the main factors responsible for discrimination. In addition, the electronic tongue was capable of identifying adulterations in different types of milk (whole, skimmed, and semi-skimmed) and milk from different brands. The lowest concentration of adulterant that resulted in a good discrimination was 10.0, 4.16, and 0.95 mmol .L-1 for formaldehyde, urea, and melamine, respectively.
引用
收藏
页码:251 / 266
页数:16
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