In a 2-year prospective study of total shoulder replacement, we assessed 47 patients (rheumatoid arthritis, RA or degenerative joint disease, DJD) for pain, function and range of movement There was major improvement in the operated shoulder, and additional benefit in the neck, ipsilateral elbow and non-operated shoulder. Pain was reduced in the neck and elbow for 6 months, whereas shoulder pain remained improved for 24 months. Significant increase was seen in all movements of the operated shoulder, and also in the ipsilateral elbow and non-operated shoulder. Function improved from a median of 8.0 to 5.4 (p < 0.001). Patients with DJD improved more than RA patients for pain and function; improvement was still evident in subgroups with radiological rotator cuff damage or severe bone resorption. Finally, earlier and more intensive rehabilitation has been proved safe and slightly more effective than established procedures.