Advances in Perfusion Techniques: Minimally Invasive Procedures

There is a growing demand from patients and referring physicians for minimally invasive cardiac surgery. Minimally invasive cardiac procedures are technically unique from conventional cardiac procedures and require a thorough understanding of the surgical, anesthetic, and perfusion strategies. Strategies include routine use of augmented venous drainage, alternative arterial and venous cannulation sites, and special cannulas designed for minimally invasive procedures. The following review describes the strategies and safety systems that should be considered when performing minimally invasive cardiac surgery.