Abandoned at Sea: The Tribunal Ruling and Indonesia's Missing Archipelagic Foreign Policy

Indonesia's response to the 2016 UNCLOS tribunal ruling was underwhelming, even as a nonclaimant in the South China Sea disputes. Given its maritime geography and interests, the response is symptomatic of the country's underdevelopment of an archipelagic foreign policyone where the entire foreign policy system, from its bureaucracy, doctrine, and strategy, should be geared to secure and defend its external maritime interests. This article further argues that the authoritarian New Order regime (1966-1998) repressed the development of an archipelagic foreign policy in two ways: (1) the army-dominated foreign policy establishment deprioritized external maritime interests and (2) the infusion of the National Resilience (Ketahanan Nasional) concept into the Archipelagic Outlook (Wawasan Nusantara) doctrine as a regime maintenance tool further domesticated what could have been a geopolitical outlook. These authoritarian legacies put Indonesia's foreign policy on a path-dependent trajectory that even President Joko Widodo's Global Maritime Fulcrum could not break.