Spatio-temporal change detection of land use and land cover in Malakand Division Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, using remote sensing and geographic information system

The land use land cover (LULC) change due to the rapidly growing population is a common feature of the urban area. The rapidly growing population in Malakand Division is a greater threat to the LULC of the area due to its negative impact on environment and ecology. This research aims to detect the variations in LULC from 1991 to 2017 in the Malakand Division, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province of Pakistan. The study relies on secondary dataset downloaded from the US Geological Survey (1991, 2001, 2011, and 2017 imageries) and the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UN OCHA) website. Maximum likelihood technique under supervised image classification was opted to analyze the LULC changes in between 1991 and 2017. The results were based on six major land use classes including agriculture built-up area, vegetation cover, water bodies, snow cover, and barren land. The results from 1991 to 2017 show a substantial reduction in snow cover and barren land which is consequence of climate change. A known change has been recorded in built-up area which shows an increase from 1.02 to 6.2% with a change of 5.18% of the total land. The vegetation cover water bodies were also showing increase in area. The vegetation cover increased from 28.89 to 44.67% while barren land decreased from 45.68 to 40.29% of the total area. Furthermore, the built-up area increased from 1.02 to 6.2%, whereas water covers increased from 0.63% (1991) to 0.86% (2017) of the total area. The study concludes that there is an immense need for planning to preserve the natural habitat for sustainable development in the area.