We have measured the low-temperature shear piezoelectric and dielectric constants of single-crystal lithium niobate (LiNbO3\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\hbox {LiNbO}_{3}$$\end{document}) and lead magnesium niobate–lead titanate (PMN-PT), and of ceramic lead zirconium titanate (PZT-5A) transducers between room temperature and 78 mK. The piezoelectric and dielectric coefficients d15\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$d_{15}$$\end{document} and K15σ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$K^{\sigma }_{15}$$\end{document} all decrease with temperature, although the total change in d15\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$d_{15}$$\end{document} is only about 7% for LiNbO3\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\hbox {LiNbO}_3$$\end{document}. The values of d15\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$d_{15}$$\end{document} for PZT-5A and PMN-PT are much larger at room temperature but decrease much more rapidly, by factors of 4 for PZT-5A and 10 for PMN-PT. For LiNbO3\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\hbox {LiNbO}_3$$\end{document}, d15\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$d_{15}$$\end{document} is constant below 50 K, but in both PZT-5A and PMN-PT d15\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$d_{15}$$\end{document} continues to decrease nearly linearly to the lowest temperatures. The behavior of the dielectric constant of each material mirrors that of d15\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$d_{15}$$\end{document}, reflecting their common ferroelectric origins. The piezoelectric voltage constants g15\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$g_{15}$$\end{document} are similar in the three materials and are only weakly temperature dependent. For actuator applications where large displacements are needed, PMN-PT and PZT-5A have much larger d15\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$d_{15}$$\end{document} values than LiNbO3\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\hbox {LiNbO}_3$$\end{document}, but this advantage essentially disappears at low temperatures and LiNbO3\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\hbox {LiNbO}_3$$\end{document} is a better choice in many applications. For sensor applications where g15\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$g_{15}$$\end{document} determines a transducer’s output voltage, the three materials have similar sensitivity for high-frequency applications like ultrasonics. At low frequencies, however, they are less sensitive as voltage sensors and the use of charge or current amplifiers is preferable.
