Estrogen therapy and urinary incontinence: what is the evidence and what do we tell our patients?

[31] Snyder T(2005)The effect of ultralow-dose transdermal estradiol on urinary incontinence in postmenopausal women Obstet Gynecol 106 946-437

[32] Hendrix SL(1990)Surgical versus conservative management for post-menopausal genuine stress incontinence of urine (abstract) Neurourol Urodyn 9 436-385

[33] Cochrane BB(2001)Vaginal oestradiol for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms in postmenopausal women—a double-blind placebo-controlled study J Obstet Gynaecol 21 383-838

[34] Nygaard IE(1991)The effectiveness of intravaginal estriol tablet administration in women with urge incontinence Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 51 834-53

[35] Steinauer JE(2003)Randomised double-blind placebo controlled trial of topical oestrogen in the treatment of female bladder symptoms Int Urogynecol J 14 S43-718

[36] Waetjen LE(1993)Oestriol in the treatment of postmenopausal urgency: a multicentre study Maturitas 18 47-1196

[37] Vittinghoff E(1999)The effect of oestrogen supplementation on post-menopausal urinary stress incontinence: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial Br J Obstet Gynaecol 106 711-135

[38] Gebhardt J(2001)The impact of the menstrual cycle on urinary symptoms and the results of urodynamic investigation Bjog 108 1193-807

[39] Richard D(1973)The effect of progesterone on the adrenergic receptors of the urethra Br J Urol 45 131-164

[40] Barrett T(2001)Effects of oral estrogen and progestin on the lower urinary tract among female nursing home residents J Am Geriatr Soc 49 803-574

[31] Snyder T(2005)The effect of ultralow-dose transdermal estradiol on urinary incontinence in postmenopausal women Obstet Gynecol 106 946-437

[32] Hendrix SL(1990)Surgical versus conservative management for post-menopausal genuine stress incontinence of urine (abstract) Neurourol Urodyn 9 436-385

[33] Cochrane BB(2001)Vaginal oestradiol for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms in postmenopausal women—a double-blind placebo-controlled study J Obstet Gynaecol 21 383-838

[34] Nygaard IE(1991)The effectiveness of intravaginal estriol tablet administration in women with urge incontinence Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 51 834-53

[35] Steinauer JE(2003)Randomised double-blind placebo controlled trial of topical oestrogen in the treatment of female bladder symptoms Int Urogynecol J 14 S43-718

[36] Waetjen LE(1993)Oestriol in the treatment of postmenopausal urgency: a multicentre study Maturitas 18 47-1196

[37] Vittinghoff E(1999)The effect of oestrogen supplementation on post-menopausal urinary stress incontinence: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial Br J Obstet Gynaecol 106 711-135

[38] Gebhardt J(2001)The impact of the menstrual cycle on urinary symptoms and the results of urodynamic investigation Bjog 108 1193-807

[39] Richard D(1973)The effect of progesterone on the adrenergic receptors of the urethra Br J Urol 45 131-164

[40] Barrett T(2001)Effects of oral estrogen and progestin on the lower urinary tract among female nursing home residents J Am Geriatr Soc 49 803-574