Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of dual HDAC and VEGFR inhibitors as multitargeted anticancer agents

Herein, a novel series of dual histone deacetylase (HDAC) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) inhibitors were designed, synthesized and biologically evaluated based on previously reported pazopanib-based HDAC and VEGFR dual inhibitors. Most target compounds showed significant HDAC1, HDAC6 and VEGFR2 inhibition, which contributed to their potent antiproliferative activities against multiple cancer cell lines and significant antiangiogenic potencies in both human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) tube formation assays and rat thoracic aorta ring assays. Further HDAC selectivity evaluations indicated that hydroxamic acids 5 and 9e possessed HDAC isoform selectivity profiles similar to that of the approved HDAC inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid(SAHA), while hydrazide12 presented an HDAC isoform selectivity profilesimilar to that of the clinical HDAC inhibitor MS-275. The VEGFR inhibition profiles of 5, 9e and 12 were similar to that of the approved VEGFR inhibitor pazopanib. The intracellular target engagements of Compounds 5 and 12 were confirmed by western blot analysis. The metabolic stabilities of 5, 9e and 12 in mouse liver microsomes were inferior to that of pazopanib. These dual HDAC and VEGFR inhibitors provide lead compounds for further structural optimization to obtainpolypharmacological anticancer agents.