Climate teleconnections, interannual variability, and evolution of the rainfall regime in a tropical Caribbean island: case study of Barbados

A limited number of studies have focused on the hydroclimate dynamics of tropical Caribbean islands. The present study aims to analyze the rainfall regime in Barbados. CHIRPS gridded dataset, at a resolution of 0.05°×0.05°, providing daily rainfall data from January 1981 until 2018 was used. The variables analyzed were the annual and seasonal maximum rainfall, the total annual and seasonal rainfall, and the number of rainy days per year and per season. Potential change points in rainfall time-series were detected with a Bayesian multiple change point detection procedure. Time series were then analyzed for detection of trends using the modified Mann-Kendall test. The true temporal slopes of the rainfall time series were obtained with the Theil-Sen’s statistic. The links between rainfall and various global climate oscillation indices were also investigated. Results indicate that no change points or significant trends were observed in the annual rainfall time series. However, it was found that some climate indices have a strong correlation with precipitation on the island, especially for the total rainfall and the number of rainy days. A stationary and non-stationary frequency analysis is carried out on the rainfall annual variables using climate oscillation indices as covariates, and uncertainties on quantile estimates are identified. It is shown that non-stationary models lead to a better fit to rainfall data. Empirical mode decomposition (EMD) is used for the long-term prediction of hydro-climatic time series. Rainfall annual time series were extended with this method for a period of 20 years. Results indicate that, within that period, annual maximum rainfall will increase by about 12 mm (or 0.6 mm/year), total annual rainfall will increase by about 200 mm (or 10 mm/year) and the number of rainy days per year will see a slight decrease by about 3 days (or 0.15 day/year).