Supraventricular tachycardia in children

Several different mechanisms are responsible for paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in children. Different forms of tachycardia occur at different age. Atrio-ventricular reentry tachycardia results from the presence of congenital atrioventricular bypass tracts and is frequently encountered at all ages. Infants may present with ectopic atrial tachycardia or atrial flutter. Atrio-ventricular node reentry tachycardia becomes more frequent in adolescence. Atrial scarring resulting from open heart surgery predisposes to complex intra-atrial reentry. Certain forms of congenital and acquired heart disease are associated with specific types of arrhythmia. Many children with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia do not require any therapy. The decision to proceed with treatment should be based on the frequency and severity of symptoms and on the effect of arrhythmia on the quality of life. Infants require medical treatment because of the difficulty to recognize symptoms of tachycardia and a risk of heart failure. Patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome as well as those with significant heart disease are at risk of sudden death. Syncope in children with paroxysmal tachycardia may indicate a severe fall in cardiac output from extremely rapid heart rate. Patients with potentially life-threatening arrhythmia should not participate in competitive physical activities. Treatment options have undergone significant evolution over the past decade. Indications for the use of specific antiarrhythmic medications have been refined. Contemporary catheter ablation procedures employ different forms of energy allowing for safe and effective procedures. Catheter ablation is the treatment of choice for symptomatic paroxysmal tachycardia in school children and in some infants who failed medical treatment. Surgery is the preferred treatment in few selected cases. The goal of this review is to present the state of the art approach to the diagnosis and management of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in infants, children and adolescents.