It is proved that a module M over a commutative noetherian ring R is injective if ExtRi((R/p)p,M)=0\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\mathrm {Ext}_{R}^{i}((R/{\mathfrak p})_{\mathfrak p},M)=0$$\end{document} holds for every i⩾1\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$i\geqslant 1$$\end{document} and every prime ideal p\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\mathfrak {p}$$\end{document} in R. This leads to the following characterization of injective modules: If F is faithfully flat, then a module M such that HomR(F,M)\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\text {Hom}}_R(F,M)$$\end{document} is injective and ExtRi(F,M)=0\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\text {Ext}}^i_R(F,M)=0$$\end{document} for all i⩾1\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$i\geqslant 1$$\end{document} is injective. A limited version of this characterization is also proved for certain non-noetherian rings.