Cardiorenal syndrome—current understanding and future perspectives

Interactions between the heart and kidney form the basis of cardiorenal syndrome, which is a heterogeneous and complex clinical entity associated with substantial morbidity and mortalityPrecise clinical characterization and classification of cardiorenal syndrome has not yet been performedThe factors that mediate connections between the heart and the kidney and their complex interactions must be clarified in vitro and in experimental models before clinical applications are soughtIron metabolism and erythrocyte turnover are likely to be central to the pathophysiology of cardiorenal syndrome