Effect of physicochemical and microbiological factors on the development of viable but non-culturable and resuscitation states of Vibrio cholerae

Background Vibrio cholerae can endure harsh environmental conditions by transitioning into viable but non-culturable (VBNC) form and resuscitate upon return of appropriate conditions. Method: In this study, we assessed the impact of physicochemical and microbiological factors, on the development of low temperature-induced VBNC state and subsequent recovery by temperature upshift. Results In estuarine water, Vibrio cholerae exhibits a slower decline in culturability over a period of 77 days as compared to 10 days in fresh water. When variable cell numbers from different growth phases were used for VBNC induction, it was observed that the higher inoculum size (10(6)-10(7) cfu ml(-1)) from the late log phase culture appears to be crucial for entering the VBNC state. Conversely, starved cells could enter the VBNC state with an initial inoculum of 10(4)-10(5) cfu ml(-1), followed by resuscitation as well. The addition of glucose, GlcNAc and mannitol differentially affects progression into VBNC, while the addition of tryptone, yeast extract and casamino acid facilitated early entry into the VBNC state and shortened the length of the recovery period. Conclusion Altogether these findings demonstrated that the ionic strength of water, inoculum size and the availability of nutrients played distinct roles during VBNC induction and resuscitation.