A rechargeable Ca/Cl2 battery

Rechargeable calcium (Ca) metal batteries are promising candidates for sustainable energy storage due to the abundance of Ca in Earth's crust and the advantageous theoretical capacity and voltage of these batteries. However, the development of practical Ca metal batteries has been severely hampered by the current cathode chemistries, which limit the available energy and power densities, as well as their insufficient capacity retention and low-temperature capability. Here, we describe the rechargeable Ca/Cl-2 battery based on a reversible cathode redox reaction between CaCl2 and Cl-2, which is enabled by the use of lithium difluoro(oxalate)borate as a key electrolyte mediator to facilitate the dissociation and distribution of Cl-based species and Ca2+. Our rechargeable Ca/Cl-2 battery can deliver discharge voltages of 3V and exhibits remarkable specific capacity (1000 mAh g(-1)) and rate capability (500mAg(-1)). In addition, the excellent capacity retention (96.5% after 30 days) and low-temperature capability (down to 0 degrees C) allow us to overcome the long-standing bottleneck of rechargeable Ca metal batteries.