The clinical significance of distal spread differs according to the primary tumor location in rectal cancer

[1] Watanabe T(2018)Japanese Society for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum (JSCCR) guidelines 2016 for the treatment of colorectal cancer Int J Clin Oncol 23 1-34

[2] Muro K(2015)Japanese Society for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum (JSCCR) Guidelines 2014 for treatment of colorectal cancer Int J Clin Oncol 20 207-239

[3] Ajioka Y(1951)Influence of lateral spread of cancer of the rectum on radicability of operation and prognosis Am J Surg 81 111-120

[4] Hashiguchi Y(2017)Mesorectal excision with or without lateral lymph node dissection for clinical stage II/III lower rectal cancer (JCOG0212): a multicenter, randomized controlled, noninferiority trial Ann Surg 266 201-207

[5] Ito Y(2002)Discontinuous rectal cancer spread in the mesorectum and the optimal distal clearance margin in situ Dis Colon Rectum 45 744-749

[6] Saito Y(2011)Intramural and mesorectal distal spread detected by whole-mount sections in the determination of optimal distal resection margin in patients undergoing surgery for rectosigmoid or rectal cancer without preoperative therapy Dis Colon Rectum 54 1510-1520

[7] Watanabe T(1995)Distal spread of rectal cancer and optimal distal margin of resection for sphincter-preserving surgery Cancer 76 388-392

[8] Itabashi M(1983)Reappraisal of the 5 centimetre rule of distal excision for carcinoma of the rectum: a study of distal intramural spread and of patients’ survival Br J Surg 70 150-154

[9] Shimada Y(1992)A prospective evaluation of distal margins in carcinoma of the rectum Surg Gynecol Obstet 175 333-336

[10] Tanaka S(1976)The curative treatment of carcinoma of the sigmoid, rectosigmoid, and rectum Ann Surg 183 556-565

[1] Watanabe T(2018)Japanese Society for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum (JSCCR) guidelines 2016 for the treatment of colorectal cancer Int J Clin Oncol 23 1-34

[2] Muro K(2015)Japanese Society for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum (JSCCR) Guidelines 2014 for treatment of colorectal cancer Int J Clin Oncol 20 207-239

[3] Ajioka Y(1951)Influence of lateral spread of cancer of the rectum on radicability of operation and prognosis Am J Surg 81 111-120

[4] Hashiguchi Y(2017)Mesorectal excision with or without lateral lymph node dissection for clinical stage II/III lower rectal cancer (JCOG0212): a multicenter, randomized controlled, noninferiority trial Ann Surg 266 201-207

[5] Ito Y(2002)Discontinuous rectal cancer spread in the mesorectum and the optimal distal clearance margin in situ Dis Colon Rectum 45 744-749

[6] Saito Y(2011)Intramural and mesorectal distal spread detected by whole-mount sections in the determination of optimal distal resection margin in patients undergoing surgery for rectosigmoid or rectal cancer without preoperative therapy Dis Colon Rectum 54 1510-1520

[7] Watanabe T(1995)Distal spread of rectal cancer and optimal distal margin of resection for sphincter-preserving surgery Cancer 76 388-392

[8] Itabashi M(1983)Reappraisal of the 5 centimetre rule of distal excision for carcinoma of the rectum: a study of distal intramural spread and of patients’ survival Br J Surg 70 150-154

[9] Shimada Y(1992)A prospective evaluation of distal margins in carcinoma of the rectum Surg Gynecol Obstet 175 333-336

[10] Tanaka S(1976)The curative treatment of carcinoma of the sigmoid, rectosigmoid, and rectum Ann Surg 183 556-565