Electric Currents Applied During the Refractory Period Can Modulate Cardiac Contractility In Vitro and In Vivo

[1] Pitt B(1999)The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure N Engl J Med 341 709-717

[2] Zannad F(1996)The effect of carvedilol on morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure N Engl J Med 334 1349-1355

[3] Remme WJ(2000)Effects of controlled-release metoprolol on total mortality, hospitalizations, and well-being in patients with heart failure: The Meto-Fig. 9. LV dP=dtmax and peak aortic Øow values as a function of time with CCM signal repeatedly applied for _20 minutes at a time over 2 hours. As shown, the inotropic effect is seen each time the signal is applied (bars). Cardiac Contratility Modulation by Electric Currents 33 prolol CR/XL Randomized Intervention Trial in congestive heart failure (

[4] Cody R(1996)Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the effects of carvedilol in patients with moderate to severe heart failure Circulation 94 2799-H435

[5] Castaigne A(1986)Influence of pacing site on canine left ventricular contraction Am J Physiol 251 H428-1573

[6] Palensky J(1999)Improved left ventricular mechanics from acute VDD pacing in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and ventricular conduction delay Circulation 99 1567-3001

[7] Wittes J.(1999)Effect of pacing chamber and atrioventricular delay on acute systolic function of paced patients with congestive heart failure Circulation 99 2993-2709

[8] Packer M(2000)Predictors of systolic augmentation from left ventricular preexcitation in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and intraventricular conduction delay Circulation 101 2703-806

[9] Bristow MR(1997)Defective excitation±contraction coupling in experimental heart failure Science 276 800-442

[10] Cohn JN(1994)Relation between myocardial function and expression of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2 +-ATPase in failing and nonfailing human myocardium Circ Res 75 434-445

[1] Pitt B(1999)The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure N Engl J Med 341 709-717

[2] Zannad F(1996)The effect of carvedilol on morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure N Engl J Med 334 1349-1355

[3] Remme WJ(2000)Effects of controlled-release metoprolol on total mortality, hospitalizations, and well-being in patients with heart failure: The Meto-Fig. 9. LV dP=dtmax and peak aortic Øow values as a function of time with CCM signal repeatedly applied for _20 minutes at a time over 2 hours. As shown, the inotropic effect is seen each time the signal is applied (bars). Cardiac Contratility Modulation by Electric Currents 33 prolol CR/XL Randomized Intervention Trial in congestive heart failure (

[4] Cody R(1996)Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the effects of carvedilol in patients with moderate to severe heart failure Circulation 94 2799-H435

[5] Castaigne A(1986)Influence of pacing site on canine left ventricular contraction Am J Physiol 251 H428-1573

[6] Palensky J(1999)Improved left ventricular mechanics from acute VDD pacing in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and ventricular conduction delay Circulation 99 1567-3001

[7] Wittes J.(1999)Effect of pacing chamber and atrioventricular delay on acute systolic function of paced patients with congestive heart failure Circulation 99 2993-2709

[8] Packer M(2000)Predictors of systolic augmentation from left ventricular preexcitation in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and intraventricular conduction delay Circulation 101 2703-806

[9] Bristow MR(1997)Defective excitation±contraction coupling in experimental heart failure Science 276 800-442

[10] Cohn JN(1994)Relation between myocardial function and expression of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2 +-ATPase in failing and nonfailing human myocardium Circ Res 75 434-445