High-Performance Silicon-Rich Microparticle Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries Enabled by Internal Stress Mitigation

The Sn and Sb incorporation boosts the electronic conductivity and lithium diffusivity of Si anodes, thereby reducing the stress due to lithium concentration gradient.The lithiation of modified electrode mimics isotropic solid solution reaction, rather than the original anisotropic two-phase reaction of Si, effectively weakening the stress concentration.The silicon-rich particles exhibit a capacity of over 1.9 Ah g−1 after 100 cycles at 0.1 A g−1 and maintain the excellent cyclic stability at 3 A g−1.