Calcium phosphate bone cements

The principles of developing calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) for replacement and regeneration of bone tissue are considered. The basic classification of CPCs is given according to the phase composition of the reaction products in the setting systems. Processes of phase composition and development of microstructure and properties are discussed. Injectable CPC compositions are considered, and the factors affecting the injectability, as well as the ways to modify the cement pastes to improve their properties, are discussed. The results of research and development in the field of composite CPCs, including those reinforced by disperse phases, are described. In the final part of the review, some data on commercial CPCs and their biological behavior are presented.