Palaeoclimate estimates based on the late Miocene to early Pleistocene wood flora of the Bengal Basin: an insight into the climatic evolution of southern Asia

To assess the pattern of climatic evolution during the late Miocene to early Pleistocene in the largest fluvio-deltaic sedimentary system on the Earth, the Bengal Basin (BB), a quantitative palaeoclimatic reconstruction was made, based on 20 fossil wood floras. Those floras show that moisture-loving taxa have decreased considerably since the Miocene, especially at the western margin of the basin. A quantitative reconstruction of climate parameters reveals that the late Miocene−early Pliocene was warmer and wetter than now, yet with spatial variability. Seasonality of temperature was low in the basin and subsequently increased during the late Pliocene−early Pleistocene. Monsoon intensity was weaker during the interval from the late Miocene to early Pleistocene than the present day. A comparison of the retrieved data with some earlier records from sites either influenced by Indian summer monsoon (ISM) or East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) or both, the two branches of the Asian summer monsoon (AM) provide insights into the temporal and spatial patterns of climate evolution in southern Asia during the late Neogene–Quaternary transition. In general, a drop in temperature and a weakening in ISM strength since the early Pleistocene correlate with the global cooling trend, though with spatial differences.